Nanoparticle-based approaches to tackling urinary tract biofilms.

Abstract

Urinary tract infections represent a substantial global clinical and economic burden, exacerbated by recurrence, indwelling medical devices, and the emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogens. Biofilm formation contributes to treatment failure due to its resistance to antimicrobial agents, influenced by the urinary tract's unique properties. Therefore, this review examines urinary tract biofilm pathophysiology and evaluates nanoparticle-based strategies, including metallic, polymeric, lipid-b